<p>Contributors xix</p> <p>Preface xxiii</p> <p>Acknowledgments xxv</p> <p>Acronyms xxvii</p> <p>About the Companion Website xxxvii</p> <p><b>1 Introduction and Motivation 1</b><br /><i>Hirley Alves, Konstantin Mikhaylov, and Marko Höyhtyä</i></p> <p>1.1 Motivation 1</p> <p>1.2 Connectivity Solutions and Satellite Integration 4</p> <p>1.3 Outlook 10</p> <p><b>2 Machine-Type Communications, the Internet of Things, and Satellite Networks: Drivers, Use Cases, and Requirements 17</b><br /><i>Hirley Alves, Konstantin Mikhaylov, and Marko Höyhtyä</i></p> <p>2.1 Introduction 17</p> <p>2.2 Drivers 18</p> <p>2.3 Pertinent Use Cases for Satellite Internet of Things 20</p> <p>2.4 Requirements and Key Value and Performance Indicators 24</p> <p>2.5 Outlook 31</p> <p><b>3 Non-terrestrial Network Support for Massive Machine-Type Communication: Architectural and Radio Channel Model Considerations 37</b><br /><i>Carla Amatetti, Alessandro Guidotti, and Alessandro Vanelli-Coralli</i></p> <p>3.1 Introduction 37</p> <p>3.2 Internet of Things --Nonterrestrial Networks in the 3GPP Standard 39</p> <p>3.3 Non-terrestrial Network System Architectures for 5G New Radio 40</p> <p>3.4 Non-terrestrial Network Channel Characteristics 48</p> <p>3.5 Link Budget Characterization 55</p> <p>3.6 Outlook 63</p> <p><b>4 Constellation Design for New Space Applications 67</b><br /><i>Anastasia Yastrebova-Castillo and Marko Höyhtyä</i></p> <p>4.1 Satellite Orbital Formations 67</p> <p>4.2 Characteristics of Constellations and Main Parameters 70</p> <p>4.3 Constellation Design 76</p> <p>4.4 Operation of Satellites in the Orbit 86</p> <p>4.5 Outlook 87</p> <p><b>5 Physical-Layer Aspects of Machine-Type Communications and Satellite Integration 91</b><br /><i>Houcine Chougrani, Oltjon Kodheli, Wallace A. Martins, Haythem Chaker, and Symeon Chatzinotas</i></p> <p>5.1 Introduction 91</p> <p>5.2 Machine-Type Communication Technology Landscape 92</p> <p>5.3 Satellite Challenges from a Physical-Layer Perspective 96</p> <p>5.4 Techniques for Machine-Type Communication and Satellite Integration 108</p> <p>5.5 Roadmap for Machine-Type Communication and Satellite Integration 113</p> <p>5.6 Outlook 114</p> <p><b>6 An Overview of Medium Access Control Protocols in Machine-Type Communication Satellite Internet-of-Things Networks 119</b><br /><i>Muhammad Asad Ullah, Federico Clazzer, Andrea Munari, Konstantin Mikhaylov, and Hirley Alves</i></p> <p>6.1 Introduction 119</p> <p>6.2 Satellite Internet of Things: An Overview 121</p> <p>6.3 Performance Metrics for Medium Access Control 129</p> <p>6.4 Medium Access Control Protocols Classification 131</p> <p>6.5 Medium Access Control Protocols Overview 132</p> <p>6.6 Open Challenges 139</p> <p>6.7 Outlook 140</p> <p><b>7 Machine-Type Communication and Satellite Connectivity: A Network Perspective 147</b><br /><i>Luca Lodigiani and Mihály Varga</i></p> <p>7.1 Introduction 147</p> <p>7.2 Internet of Things in Nonterrestrial Networks -- 3GPP Release 17 148</p> <p>7.3 Network Characteristics and Challenges of the Nonterrestrial Massive Machine-Type Communication System 162</p> <p>7.4 Internet-of-Things Nonterrestrial Network Evolution -- Releases 18, 19, and Beyond 176</p> <p>7.5 Outlook: A Look Out Toward the 6G Massive Machine-Type Communication Network 184</p> <p><b>8 6G Satellite Network Architecture with Onboard Computing Capabilities 193</b><br /><i>Taeyeoun Kim, Jeongho Kwak, and Jihwan P. Choi</i></p> <p>8.1 Introduction 193</p> <p>8.2 6G Onboard Processing Satellites 194</p> <p>8.3 6G Satellite Networks 202</p> <p>8.4 Outlook 212</p> <p><b>9 Role of Software-Defined Networking in Machine-Type Communications and Satellite Connectivity 215</b><br /><i>Ahan Kak, Van-Quan Pham, Huu-Trung Thieu, and Nakjung Choi</i></p> <p>9.1 Introduction 215</p> <p>9.2 State of the Art 217</p> <p>9.3 Key Enabling Technologies 219</p> <p>9.4 Space Fabric Design and Description 225</p> <p>9.5 Use Cases 235</p> <p>9.6 Research Challenges 237</p> <p>9.7 Outlook 239</p> <p><b>10 Cybersecurity for Machines in Satellite–Terrestrial Networks 245</b><br /><i>Jani Suomalainen and Ijaz Ahmad</i></p> <p>10.1 Introduction 245</p> <p>10.2 Security Challenges 246</p> <p>10.3 Security Solutions 254</p> <p>10.4 Future Research 260</p> <p>10.5 Outlook 264</p> <p><b>11 Dual-Function Strategies for Heterogeneous 6G Internet-of-Things Systems 273</b><br /><i>Antti Anttonen</i></p> <p>11.1 Introduction 273</p> <p>11.2 Communication and Sensing 274</p> <p>11.3 Communication and Power Transfer 279</p> <p>11.4 Communication and Computing 285</p> <p>11.5 Outlook 293</p> <p><b>12 Simulators, Emulators, and Visualization Tools for Analysis of Integrated Machine-Type Communication and Satellite Networks 301</b><br /><i>Mikko Majanen, Sandrine Boumard, Anastasia Yastrebova-Castillo, and Jani Puttonen</i></p> <p>12.1 Introduction 301</p> <p>12.2 State-of-the-Art Survey 304</p> <p>12.3 Example Simulation Process with SCNE 317</p> <p>12.4 Outlook and Future Work 323</p> <p><b>13 Applications and Business Prospects of Integrated Machine-Type Communications and Satellite Networks 329</b><br /><i>Marco Guadalupi, Ramon Ferrús, Josep Ferrer, Gianluca Redolfi, and Stephan Bernard</i></p> <p>13.1 Introduction 329</p> <p>13.2 Satellite Internet of Things/Machine-Type Communication Market and Business Prospects 331</p> <p>13.3 3GPP Ecosystem and Business Models 345</p> <p>13.4 Toward the Realization of Cost-Efficient Satellite Massive Machine-Type Communication Systems 349</p> <p>13.5 Illustrative Assessments 356</p> <p>13.6 Outlook 364</p> <p><b>14 Regulation and Spectrum Opportunities in Integrated Machine-Type Communication and Satellite Networks 369</b><br /><i>Sandrine Boumard, Miia Mustonen, and Marja Matinmikko-Blue</i></p> <p>14.1 Regulations of Radio Frequencies and Satellites Orbits 369</p> <p>14.2 Spectrum Management Techniques 375</p> <p>14.3 Frequency Allocations for Machine-Type Communication 380</p> <p>14.4 Challenges and Opportunities 384</p> <p>14.5 Outlook 387</p> <p><b>15 3GPP Standardization of Internet of Things in Nonterrestrial Networks 393</b><br /><i>Helka-Liina Määttänen, Gino Masini, Robert S. Karlsson, Emre A. Yavuz, and Talha Khan</i></p> <p>15.1 Introduction 393</p> <p>15.2 Scenarios 395</p> <p>15.3 Architecture 396</p> <p>15.4 Physical Layer 403</p> <p>15.5 User Plane 406</p> <p>15.6 System Information 408</p> <p>15.7 Mobility 410</p> <p>15.8 Outlook 414</p> <p>Copyright Notice 414</p> <p>Bibliography 415</p> <p>Index 417</p>