TOPICS AND SUBTOPICS: (first draft)Basic Outlines of MigrationMigration comprises a foundational unit of the study of any population. Measured in conjunction with births and deaths, migration into and out of any place determines the ultimate size of the population. Migration is a specialized form of moving that involves distinct components of distance, duration and residence. Conceptually, migration is often differentiated into internal and international flows. Internal migration historically has consisted in large part of continued urbanization of a previously rural population, but it may also show counterstreams moving from cities to suburbs. International vs. internalDistance and activity space, duration, and national versus local boundaries.Change in circulationPartial vs. total displacement migrationInternational as product of Westphalian system of nation-statesGrowth of regulation in 20th centuryGrowth in typologies of migrantsDiasporas may exist without nation-state identificationKinds of migrationPrimitive, or nomadicVoluntary, or agent-based, within large groups or clans or small-scale, as individuals or householdsAuthorized, legal, documentedUnauthorized, illegal, undocumented; "aliens"Involuntary, or forced, impelled.Displacement, warfare; environmental degradation and disasterHuman trafficking, slaveryRefugees, asyleesCircular, or returning migration, sojourner vs. settlerStep migrationNon-migrationInternational: students, tourists, business travelers; foreign-born vs. immigrantsInternal: Recurrent movement (commuting, daily crossings, seasonal work)II. Measurement of Migration and Statistical MethodologyThis topic covers the general demographic and statistical concepts underpinning migration research. Initially, migration research followed a standardized set of concepts and measurements derived from demographic research and often dependent upon the geographical units within which data are collected. However, the research has expanded into multiple fields with many methodologies, both qualitative and quantitative. Demographic conceptsFlows vs. stocksAreas of origin and destinationEmigration and immigrationDifferential migrationGross and net migrationComponents of change (residual) estimation; forward survival.Status and propensity rates, probabilities, in-migration, out-migration rates, net migrationEstimates and population projectionsDistance, distance decay, gravity modelsEfficiency: ratio of streams to counterstreamsMigration historiesEconomic and sociological models Econometric models and general models of inequality, within and between cities or countriesMultivariate regression analysisEthnographiesSpatial analysisGeographic Information Systems, with database of attribute information, boundary files, digital map layers, analysis tools and user interface.Political and data units: e.g. wards, counties, metropolitan areas, states, provinces, nationsIII. Migration DataMigration data vary widely across countries, both in terms of scope of collection and basic understanding of the definition of migration. This section examines the types of data collection instruments and their components.CensusesFrequency, coverage, de facto vs. de jure, usual residence, field checking, coverage error and content, net and differential undercounts, continuous measurement, migration questions, dual-system estimation, demographic analysisTypes of files and unit coverage: e.g. region, division, state, county, minor civil division/townships, places, census tracts, block groups, blocks.Administrative recordsPopulation registers, universal and partial; ports of entry and/or exit, passports and visas issued, immigration yearbooks, tax records, social welfare/security records, city directories, postal stops, school enrollments, construction permits, utility usage.SurveysSampling issues, sample bias, panel studies, attrition. Other sourcesNaturalizations and change of migration status Apprehensions and deportations; denaturalizationsAsylee petitions, United Nations High Commissioner for RefugeesIV. Migration TheoriesNo one theoretical perspective dominates the study of migration. Rather, multiple social science perspectives, all relatively new, compete with one another. This section will cover each theory and the underlying social, cultural and economic concepts.Evolution of migration theoriesRavenstein’s lawsIntervening opportunities (Stouffer)Intervening obstacles (Lee)Demographic transitionPopulation pressure"Push-pull"Classical and neoclassical economicsMacro- and micro-theoryRegional labor supply and demandEquilibrium wage marketsOpportunity costsMarginal productivity of laborRational-actor and human capital modelsFactor mobilityDiscounted net returns over timeExpected earnings gap vs. absolute wage differentialNew household economicsCredit and risk markets, insurance for crops, unemployment and retirementHousehold-level decision makingRelative deprivationMigration and intermediate investmentLabor-market segmentationStructural inflation and status (occupational) hierarchiesReference wagesEconomic dualism and bifurcated labor markets; primary and secondary sectorsEthnic enclaves and enclave economiesDemographic shifts in labor supplyWorld systemsHistorical-structuralist view of uneven development; dependency theoryCore-periphery dichotomyBrain drainLand consolidation and agricultural displacementExport-processing zonesCultural linkagesGlobal cities and hourglass economyStructuration; institutional theory"Structure-agency problematic" (Giddens)Intermediary institutions connect potential migrants to jobsSocial networksRole of informationChain migration, "auspices" of migration (Tilly and Brown)Forms of fungible capital: social, human, financial, culturalEnforceable trustStrong and weak tiesUtility maximizationCumulative causationSocial context of migrationCulture of migrationSocial labeling of jobsMigration hump, density function, cumulative density functionPolitical economy and state structureHegemonic stability in a geopolitical order